This paper seeks to analyse contemporary India -Russia relations. India’s relations with the former Soviet Union and subsequently with Russia, have been rightly acknowledged by both the governments and most analysts as representing the most resilient relationship since India’s independence. India and Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) share a longstanding and strategic relationship shaped by historical, political, economic, defense, and cultural ties. Since India’s independence, both nations have built a multifaceted partnership, starting with Soviet support for India's industrialization and deepening during the Cold War through political alignment and defense cooperation. Key milestones include the 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace and Friendship, support during the Bangladesh Liberation War, and collaboration in space and nuclear energy. Post-Cold War, India quickly recognized Russia as the Soviet successor and signed a Strategic Partnership in 2000. Despite geopolitical shifts, the relationship remains strong, especially in defense, with Russia being India’s major arms supplier, and growing energy ties, particularly after the Ukraine conflict. Cultural exchanges, space collaboration, and trade connectivity through the INSTC further solidify the bond.

However, challenges like Russia’s growing proximity to China, India’s diversified foreign policy, declining defense imports from Russia, and trade imbalances persist. Yet, both nations continue to prioritize this time-tested partnership with a shared vision for multipolarity, regional stability, and mutual strategic interests.

This paper discusses the relationship between India-Russia since 20^th century.